高中政治必修一必背知识点 整理好框架事半功倍

高中政治必修一讲的是关于经济的内容，整本书比较枯燥，甚至有点难懂，这个时候就需要死记硬背了，在背熟的情况下加以理解可以事半功倍。

一、揭开货币的神秘面纱
1、商品
①含义：用于交换的劳动产品
②基本属性：使用价值(商品能够满足人们某种需要的属性)和价值(凝结在商品中的无差别的人类劳动)2、货币的含义及本质
①含义：从商品中分离出来固定充当一般等价物的商品(所以说货币是商品交换发展到一定阶段的产物)②本质：一般等价物
含义：货币具有表现和衡量其他一切商品价值大小的职能3、货币的基本职能
(1)价值尺度
①含义：指货币作为表现和衡量其他一切商品价值大小的职能。②价格：用一定数量的货币表示出来的商品价值。价值是价格的基础，决定价格，价格反映价值。
③作为价值尺度的货币并不需要现实的货币，只需要观念上的货币。(2)流通手段：
①含义：指货币充当商品交换媒介的职能。
②商品流通：以货币为媒介的商品交换。公式：W-G-W③需要现实中的货币。
(3)货币的其他三种职能：贮藏手段、支付手段、世界货币的职能。
4、货币流通规律——流通中实际所需要的货币量受货币流通规律支配①其内容是：流通中所需要的货币量同商品的价格总额成正比，与货币的流通次数成反比②公式：
5、纸币
①含义：由国家(或某些地区)发行的、强制使用的价值符号(国家能决定纸币的发行量、纸币的面值，但不能决定纸币的购买力或者纸币代表的价值)②优点：制作成本低，易于保管、携带和运输，避免磨损减少贵金属的无形流失③限度：发行量要以流通中实际所需要的货币量为限度。过多易导致通货膨胀，过少易导致通货紧缩6、电子货币：用电子计算机进行贮存、转账、购买、支付的7、货币的发展：金属货币(金银条块——铸币)——纸币——电子货币二、信用工具和外汇
1、结算方式
现金结算：用纸币来完成经济往来的收付行为
转账结算：通过银行转账来完成经济往来的收付行为2、常用的信用工具——信用卡、支票
①信用卡(含义：具有消费、转账结算、存取现金、信用贷款等部分或全部功能的电子支付卡。银行信用卡是商业银行对资信状况良好的客户发行的一种信用凭证。优点：功能多、方便、节省、安全等)②支票(含义：是活期存款的支付凭证，是出票人委托银行等金融机构见票时无条件支付一定金额给受款人或者持票人的票据。种类：转账支票和现金支票)3、外汇含义：用外币表示的用于国际间结算的支付手段4、汇率：又称汇价，是指两种货币之间的兑换比率(如果用100单位外币可以兑换成更多的人民币，说明外币的汇率升高，外币升值;反之，则说明外币汇率跌落，外币贬值)人民币升值有利于进口，不利于出口。反之，相反。
5、保持人民币币值稳定
①含义：对内保持物价总水平稳定，对外保持人民币汇率稳定。
②意义：对人民生活安定、国民经济持续快速健康发展，对世界金融的稳定、经济的发展，具有重要意义。
三、影响价格的因素
1、各种因素对商品价格的影响，是通过改变商品的供求关系来实现的。
2、供求影响价格
①供不应求，价格升高——卖方市场(卖方起主导作用，处于有利地位)②供过于求，价格降低——买方市场(买方起主导作用，处于有利地位)3、价值决定价格
①价值与价格的关系：价值是价格的基础，价格是价值的货币表现(一般情况下，商品价值量与价格成正比)②商品价值量由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定。对于商品生产者来讲，个别劳动时间高于社会必要劳动时间，则处于不利地位;个别劳动时间低于社会必要劳动时间，则处于有利地位。
③社会必要劳动时间，是指在现有的社会正常生产条件下，在社会平均的劳动熟练程度和劳动强度下，制造某种商品所需要的劳动时间。
④商品价值量与社会劳动生产率成反比。
4、价值规律
①基本内容：商品的价值量由生产该商品的社会必要劳动时间决定，商品交换以价值量为基础实行等价交换。
②表现形式：商品价格受供求关系的影响，围绕价值上下波动。
四、价格变动的影响
1、对人民生活的影响：①一般说来，价格上升，购买减少;价格下降，购买增加。
②价格变动对生活必需品需求量的影响比较小，对高档耐用消费品需求量的影响比较大。

1、 Unveiling the mystery of currency
1. Commodities
① meaning: labor products used for exchange
② basic attributes: use value (the attribute that commodities can meet people’s certain needs) and value (the undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities). 2. The meaning and essence of money

meaning: money has the function of showing and measuring the value of all other commodities. 3. The basic function of money
(1) value scale
. ② Price: the value of a commodity expressed in a certain amount of money. Value is the basis of price, which determines price and reflects value.
. (2) Circulation means:
① meaning: refers to the function of money as the medium of commodity exchange.
(2) commodity circulation: commodity exchange through money. Formula: w-g-w ③ needs real money.
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4. Law of currency circulation: the amount of money actually needed in circulation is governed by the law of currency circulation. Its content is: the amount of money needed in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of commodities, and inversely proportional to the number of currency circulations
5. Paper money
The amount of money needed is the limit. Too much will lead to inflation, too little will lead to deflation 6. Electronic money: the use of computers for storage, transfer, purchase and payment 7. The development of money: metal money (gold and silver bars – Coins) – paper money – electronic money 2. Credit instruments and foreign exchange
Settlement method
cash settlement: the collection and payment of economic transactions with paper money
transfer settlement: to complete the collection and payment of economic transactions through bank transfer. 2. Commonly used credit tools — credit cards and checks
① credit card (meaning: electronic payment card with some or all functions such as consumption, transfer and settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, credit loan, etc. Bank credit card is a kind of credit certificate issued by commercial banks to customers with good credit status. Advantages: multiple functions, convenience, saving, security, etc.) ② check (meaning: it is the payment voucher of current deposit, and it is the bill that the drawer entrusts the bank and other financial institutions to pay a certain amount of money to the payee or the holder unconditionally when seeing the bill. Exchange rate: also known as exchange rate, refers to the exchange rate between two currencies (if 100 units of foreign currency can be converted into more RMB, it means that the exchange rate of foreign currency increases and foreign currency appreciation; On the contrary, it shows that the exchange rate of foreign currency falls and foreign currency depreciates) the appreciation of RMB is beneficial to import and not to export. On the contrary, on the contrary.
5. Keeping the value of RMB stable
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(2) significance: it is of great significance to the stability of people’s lives, the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, the stability of the world finance and the development of the economy.
3. Factors affecting prices
The influence of various factors on commodity prices is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand.
2. Supply and demand affect prices

(1) the relationship between value and price: value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value (generally, the quantity of commodity value is directly proportional to the price). ② the amount of commodity value is determined by the social necessary labor time of producing commodity. For commodity producers, if the individual labor time is higher than the social necessary labor time, it is in an unfavorable position; if the individual labor time is lower than the social necessary labor time, it is in an advantageous position.
③ social necessary labor time refers to the labor time needed to produce a certain commodity under the current normal social production conditions and under the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity.
The value of commodity is inversely proportional to social labor productivity.
4. Law of value
(1) basic content: the value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time for the production of the commodity, and the exchange of goods is based on the amount of value and equivalent exchange is carried out.
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The impact of price changes
The impact on people’s life: 1. Generally speaking, when the price rises, the purchase decreases; when the price drops, the purchase increases.